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Home » Knowledge: Asam Gelugur (Garcinia Atroviridis)

Knowledge: Asam Gelugur (Garcinia Atroviridis)

Asam Gelugur (Garcinia Atroviridis)

 

Asam gelugur (tamarind), or also known as asam keping in Malay, is commonly found in evergreen rainforests in Indonesia, India, Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia. This plant is cultivated widely owe to its economical and medicinal value.

Fruits of asam gelugor are extremely sour as it contains different acid components, including citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid and hydroxycitric acid. It also contains flavonoids – source of antioxidant.

The acidic fruit is traditionally used as weight loss remedy in Thai medicine.

  • Source of antioxidants
  • Weight loss supplement
  • Improve blood circulation and cure cough
  • Lower cholesterol level
  • Antibacterial and antifungal properties

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HEALTH BENEFITS

Antihyperlipidemic properties

In vivo study on effect of almond’s antioxidant activity
SubjectMale Sprague Dawley rats (weight = 180 -250g)
Group
  1. Normal control
  2. Rats received 1000 mg/kg methanolic or aqueous extracts of G. atroviridis.
Duration3 days
Dosage1000 mg/kg extracts of G. atroviridis (administered orally once daily)
Parameters analyzedSerum lipid analysis
Outcomes

Visible benefits
Fruit of Asam gelugor significantly reduced the level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and atherogenic index.
Table 1: Effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits of Garcinia atroviridis on total cholesterol and triglyceride levels of poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

GroupSerum lipid parameters
Dose (mg/kg)TC (mmol/L)TG (mmol/L)
0 h58 h0 h58 h
Normal–2.992.581.280.96
Hyperlipidemic control–3.6711.611.8110.90
Ripe fruit extract (methanolic)10003.396.681.532.66
Unripe fruit extract (methanolic)10003.598.562.455.41
Ripe fruit extract (aqueous)10004.306.381.812.45
Unripe fruit extract (aqueous)10004.458.561.322.67
Atorvastatin603.356.341.633.71

Table 2: Effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of different parts of G. atroviridis on serum lipid parameters.

GroupSerum lipid parameters
Dose (mg/kg)LDL (mmol/L)VLDL (mmol/L)
Normal–0.250.43
Hyperlipidemic control–4.244.91
Ripe fruit extract (methanolic)10002.891.20
Unripe fruit extract (methanolic)10003.352.44
Ripe fruit extract (aqueous)10002.391.10
Unripe fruit extract (aqueous)10003.001.20
Atorvastatin603.441.67
Functions
  • Aqueous extracts had better antihyperlipidemic activity than methanol extracts
  • Aqueous extract of ripe fruit (with seeds) showed the most potent antihyperlipidemic activity, which may aid in lowering cholesterol level in body.
 

Antimicrobial and antifungal activities

In vitro lab experiment
SubjectGram-positive (B. subtilis B28 & B29, MRSA, S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa)
Duration24 hours at 30 °C
Dosage>1 mg of extract
Parameters analyzedWeight, BMI, waist circumference, waist to hip circumference ratio, total cholesterol, and triglyceride
Outcomes

Visible benefits

  • Fruit of G. atroviridis exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial effect (to both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria)
  • For antifungal effect, only fruit and leaves displayed this effect while the rest is not effective.

Table 1: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of G. atroviridis extracts.

B28 = B. subtilis (mutant)
B29 = B. subtilis (wild-type)
MRSA = methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
Extracts of the fruits, stem bark, and roots were inactive at the highest concentration tested against the fungi A. ochraceous, C. albicans, F. moniliforme and Alternaria sp. (MID: 1000 mg/disc).

FunctionsThe fruit of G. atroviridis exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activities,

Antioxidant activity

In vivo study on effect of almond’s antioxidant activity
Subject–
Group
  1. Control
  2. G. atroviridis fruit extract
DurationDPPH radical scavenging assay = 30 min incubation
ABTS radical scavenging assay = 6 min incubation
Ferric reducing antioxidant powder (FRAP) assay = 8 min incubation
ConcentrationVarious aqueous and methanol extracts of G. atroviridis at a concentration of 10 mg/mL
Parameters analyzedAntioxidant activities
Outcomes

Visible benefits

Table 1: Antioxidant activities of G. atroviridis on serum lipid parameters.

GroupAntioxidant assay
Yield (%)Total phenolicsTotal flavonoidsDPPHABTSFRAP
Ripe fruit extract (methanolic)3.58.993.16166.3525.2217.22
Unripe fruit extract (methanolic)4.010.504.37157.68126.6417.57
Ripe fruit extract (aqueous)4.26.601.83204.9332.7625.37
Unripe fruit extract (aqueous)6.57.714.27163.822.5828.16
Reference standards      
Ascorbic acid–––7.813.22–
Ascorbic acid–––7.312.85–

*Lower value = better antioxidant activity

FunctionsAntioxidant activities of methanol extracts of G. atroviridis were better than the respective aqueous extracts.

Aid in weight management

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials
Subject12 randomised clinical trials (a total of 706 participants)
Group
  • Placebo
  • GA/HCA-supplemented group

GA: Garcinia atroviridis extract
HCA: hydroxycitric acid

Durationa range of 2 to 12 weeks
Dosage1 g to 2.8 g daily
Parameters analyzedWeight different between placebo and GA/HCA-supplemented group
Outcomes

Visible benefits
The meta-analysis revealed a small, statistically significant difference in weight loss favouring HCA over placebo.Table 1: Results table for studies with adequate data for meta-analysis.

Author/Year/CountryAuthor/Year/CountryBody weight (loss/gain)
Heymsfield et al. 1998 (USA)1.5 g daily (12 weeks)Loss
Kovacs et al. 2001 (Netherlands)1.5 g daily (2 weeks)Loss
Preuss et al. 2004 (India)2.8 g daily (8 weeks)Loss
Ramos et al. 1995 (Mexico)1.5 g daily (8 weeks)Loss
Roongpisuthipong et al. 2007 (Thailand)Unclear (8 weeks)Loss
FunctionsGarcinia extracts/HCA can cause short-term weight loss, which acts as a natural slimming aid and as a quicker alternative in overweight and obesity management.

Garcinia atroviridis (Asam Gelugur) Standardized Extract Powder

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    • May lower cholesterol
    • Enhance blood circulation
    • Weight loss
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